人教版2024版本八年级上册Unit2
——核心语法知识点总结(情态动词could,动词borrow和 lend...)
【形式】
词汇掌握 口语交际 听力理解 书面表达
语音语调 语法运用 阅读理解 综合实践
【水平】
记忆性 理解性 应用性
分析性 评价性 创造性
一、情态动词could表请求与许可(单元核心语法)
1. 核心用法——表委婉请求
基本句型:向他人提出礼貌请求时,核心结构为“Could you (please) + 动词原形 + 其他?”,语气比“can”更柔和,适用于陌生人、长辈或需要体现礼貌的场景。例如“Could you please pass me the plate?”(你能把盘子递给我吗?)、“Could you help me carry the heavy box?”(你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?)。
否定形式:请求对方不要做某事时,需用“Could you please not + 动词原形 + 其他?”,如“Could you please not make noise in the classroom?”(你能别在教室里出声吗?)、“Could you please not forget to bring your textbook?”(你能别忘记带课本吗?)。
2. 核心用法——表许可与回应
请求自己做某事:想获得允许做某事时,用“Could I + 动词原形 + 其他?”,例如“Could I use your umbrella?”(我能用你的伞吗?)。回应时,同意常用“Sure./Of course./No problem.”,拒绝可用“Sorry, you can’t.”,需注意回应不用“Could I”,因“could”仅表委婉,不表过去时态。
回应他人请求:面对“Could you...”的请求,同意用“Certainly./Yes, I can.”,如对方问“Could you please open the window?”(你能开下窗户吗?),可回答“Certainly.”(当然可以)。
3. 易混辨析——could vs. can
语气差异:“could”更委婉礼貌,适合正式或陌生场景,比如向老师求助说“Could you please help me with my homework?”(您能帮我辅导作业吗?);“can”较随意,适合熟人场景,如对朋友说“Can you help me?”(你能帮我一下吗?)。
用法侧重:“could”仅用于“委婉请求”,不表“能力”;“can”可表“请求”或“能力”,如“I can swim.”(我会游泳),此处不能用“could”替换。
二、动词borrow, lend与return表“借还”动作(单元重点语法)
1. 核心用法——borrow(借入)
含义:指“从他人处借走某物”,主语是“借入者”(拿到物品的人),强调“物品从外到内”的动作。
固定搭配:常与“from”搭配,构成“borrow sth. from sb.”结构,“sth.”为借到的物品,“sb.”为借出方。例如“I borrowed a dictionary from the library yesterday.”(我昨天从图书馆借了一本字典)、“He often borrows books from his classmates.”(他经常从同学那里借书)。
2. 核心用法——lend(借出)
含义:指“把某物借给他人”,主语是“借出者”(给出物品的人),强调“物品从内到外”的动作。
固定搭配:有两种常用结构,“lend sth. to sb.”和“lend sb. sth.”,语义一致可互换。例如“She lent her umbrella to me.”(她把伞借给了我)、“She lent me her umbrella.”(她把伞借给了我)、“My mom often lends money to my uncle.”(我妈妈经常借钱给我叔叔)。
3. 核心用法——return(归还)
含义:指“把借的物品还给原主人”,主语是“借入者”,强调“物归原主”的动作,可搭配“to”,构成“return sth. to sb.”结构。例如“I need to return the book to the library tomorrow.”(我明天要把书还给图书馆)、“He returned the pen to me this morning.”(他今天早上把笔还给我了)。
4. 易混辨析——borrow vs. lend vs. return
主语身份:“borrow”主语是借入者,“lend”主语是借出者,“return”主语是借入者(归还物品的人)。比如“I borrow a pen from you.”(我从你那借笔,我是借入者)、“You lend a pen to me.”(你把笔借给我,你是借出者)、“I return the pen to you.”(我把笔还给你,我是借入者)。
搭配差异:“borrow”配“from”(从……借),“lend”配“to”(借给……),“return”配“to”(还给……),可通过“借进borrow from,借出lend to,归还return to”口诀记忆。
三、连词though表让步关系(单元重点语法)
1. 核心用法——引导让步状语从句
含义:“though”意为“虽然/尽管”,用于连接两个语义相反的分句,表“转折让步”,即“虽然存在某种情况,但另一种情况仍成立”。
句式结构:“Though + 让步分句,主句”,分句可置于句首或句中,例如“Though it rained heavily, we still went to school.”(虽然雨下得很大,我们还是去上学了)、“We still went to school, though it rained heavily.”(我们还是去上学了,虽然雨下得很大)。
2. 关键注意点——不可与but连用
英语中“though”和“but”不能同时使用(二者功能重复,均表转折),若用“though”引导从句,主句前不能加“but”;若用“but”连接分句,前面不能加“though”。例如“Though he is young, he works hard.”(正确,虽然他年轻,但工作努力),不能说“Though he is young, but he works hard.”(错误);“He is young, but he works hard.”(正确,他年轻,但工作努力),不能说“He is young, though but he works hard.”(错误)。
3. 易混辨析——though vs. so
语义差异:“though”表“让步”(虽然……但是……),强调“转折”;“so”表“因果”(因此/所以),强调“结果”。例如“Though he was tired, he kept working.”(虽然他累了,但仍在工作,转折)、“He was tired, so he stopped working.”(他累了,所以停下了工作,因果)。
搭配差异:“though”不与“but”连用,“so”不与“because”连用(because表原因,so表结果,二者功能重复)。
分层练习题(聚焦重点语法,梯度递进)
【形式】
词汇掌握 口语交际 听力理解 书面表达
语音语调 语法运用 阅读理解 综合实践
【水平】
记忆性 理解性 应用性
分析性 评价性 创造性
一、用括号内单词的正确形式或合适的介词填空(考查基础搭配)
1. Could you please ________ (pass) me the English book I need to read it.
2. I ________ (borrow) a storybook from the library last Friday. I’ll return it this week.
3. Though it ________ (rain) yesterday, we still had a picnic.
4. My mom ________ (lend) her bike to my cousin this morning.
5. I need to return this pen ________ Tom. He lent it to me yesterday.
二、单项选择(考查语法概念辨析)
( )1. —________ you please help me clean the desk
—Sure, no problem.
A. Must B. Could C. Should D. Need
( )2. Tom ________ a pen ________ his classmate yesterday because he forgot his.
A. borrowed;from B. lent;to C. borrowed;to D. lent;from
( )3. ________ he is very busy, he always helps me with my English.
A. Because B. So C. Though D. But
( )4. —Could I use your pencil sharpener
—________. Here you are.
A. Sorry, you can’t B. No, thanks C. Sure D. I’m busy
【形式】
词汇掌握 口语交际 听力理解 书面表达
语音语调 语法运用 阅读理解 综合实践
【水平】
记忆性 理解性 应用性
分析性 评价性 创造性
一、单项选择(考查语法在场景中的运用)
( )1. —My bike is broken. ________ you please lend me yours
—Of course. I don’t need it now.
A. Must B. Could C. Will D. Should
( )2. —Did you ________ the dictionary from Lucy
—Yes, and I’ll ________ it to her tomorrow.
A. borrow;lend B. lend;borrow C. borrow;return D. lend;return
( )3. ________ the weather is cold, we still go swimming every Saturday.
A. Though B. But C. So D. Because
( )4. —Could you please ________ me your notebook I missed some notes.
—Sorry, I need to use it now. Maybe later.
A. borrow B. lend C. return D. keep
二、句型转换(考查语法句式转换)
1. Could you please open the door (改为否定句)
Could you please ________ ________ the door
2. I borrowed a magazine from Tom.(改为同义句,用“Tom”作主语)
Tom ________ a magazine ________ me.
3. Though it was late, he still finished his homework.(改为同义句,用“but”)
It was late, ________ he still finished his homework.
4. She lent her umbrella to me.(改为同义句,用“borrow”)
I ________ her umbrella ________ her.
【形式】
词汇掌握 口语交际 听力理解 书面表达
语音语调 语法运用 阅读理解 综合实践
【水平】
记忆性 理解性 应用性
分析性 评价性 创造性
一、完形填空(围绕“校园借物品”场景,综合考查重点语法)
Linda needs to finish her English homework, but she can’t find her dictionary. She goes to her deskmate Mike and says, “________ (1. Could/Can) you please lend me your dictionary I forgot mine at home.” Mike smiles and says, “Sure, here you are. But please return it before class ends—I need it for my homework too.” Linda thanks him and goes back to her seat.
________ (2. Though/So) Linda is in a hurry, she reads the dictionary carefully. She finishes her homework quickly. After that, she sees her own dictionary under her math book. She thinks, “I should return Mike’s dictionary now.”
Linda gives the dictionary back to Mike and says, “Thank you! I found my dictionary. By the way, ________ (3. could/should) you help me check my homework I’m not sure about one sentence.” Mike says, “Of course. Let’s look at it together.”
Later, Mike says, “I ________ (4. borrow/lend) a storybook from the library yesterday. Do you want to read it after I finish ” Linda says, “Yes! That would be great. I’ll return it to you as soon as I finish.”
( )1. A. Could B. Can C. Must D. Should
( )2. A. Though B. So C. But D. Because
( )3. A. could B. should C. must D. need
( )4. A. borrow B. borrowed C. lend D. lent
二、阅读理解(围绕“邻里互助”场景,考查语法相关信息提取)
Hi, I’m Anna. Last weekend, my neighbor Mrs. Green asked me for help. She said, “Could you please lend me your gardening tools Mine are broken.” I said, “Sure, Mrs. Green. I’ll get them for you.”
Mrs. Green used the tools to plant flowers. Though the tools were new to her, she used them well. She told me she borrowed her old tools from her friend five years ago, but they broke last month. That’s why she needed to borrow mine.
After she finished planting, she returned my tools and said, “Thank you! Could I borrow your recipe book I want to make cookies for my grandson.” I lent it to her and said, “No problem. You can keep it for a few days.”
Three days later, Mrs. Green returned the recipe book. She also brought me a box of cookies. She said, “Thank you for lending me your things. These cookies are for you.” I was very happy.
根据短文内容,回答下列问题。
1. What did Mrs. Green borrow from Anna first
________________________________________________________________
2. Why did Mrs. Green need to borrow Anna’s gardening tools
________________________________________________________________
3. How long could Mrs. Green keep Anna’s recipe book
________________________________________________________________
参考答案及详解
第一部分 基础篇
一、用括号内单词的正确形式或合适的介词填空
1. pass
详解:“Could you please + 动词原形”为固定请求结构,表委婉请求,故填动词原形pass。
2. borrowed
详解:由“last Friday”可知为一般过去时,borrow的过去式为borrowed,符合“从图书馆借书”的场景逻辑。
3. rained
详解:由“yesterday”可知从句为一般过去时,rain的过去式为rained,though引导让步从句,体现“下雨仍野餐”的转折关系。
4. lent
详解:由“this morning”(已过上午)可知为一般过去时,lend的过去式为lent,“lend sth. to sb.”为固定搭配,贴合“借自行车”场景。
5. to
详解:“return sth. to sb.”为固定短语,表“把某物还给某人”,故填介词to。
二、单项选择
1. B
详解:表委婉请求用“Could you please...”,must“必须”、should“应该”、need“需要”均无委婉请求含义,故选B。
2. A
详解:Tom忘带钢笔,需“从同学处借入”,用“borrow...from...”;yesterday提示用过去式borrowed,lend表“借出”不符合语境,故选A。
3. C
详解:“忙碌”与“帮忙”为转折关系,though表“虽然”,引导让步从句;because表原因、so表结果、but不能置于句首,故选C。
4. C
详解:由“Here you are”可知同意请求,sure“当然可以”符合语境;A、D表拒绝,B表委婉拒绝,均不符合,故选C。
第二部分 提升篇
一、单项选择
1. B
详解:请求借自行车需委婉语气,用“Could you please...”;must“必须”、will“将要”、should“应该”均无委婉请求含义,故选B。
2. C
详解:由“明天还给露西”可知,第一空是“从露西处借入字典”,用borrow;第二空“归还”用return,lend表“借出”不符合语境,故选C。
3. A
详解:“天气冷”与“去游泳”为转折关系,though表“虽然”,引导让步从句;but不能置于句首,so表结果、because表原因,均不符合,故选A。
4. B
详解:请求“借出笔记本”,主语是借出者,用lend;borrow“借入”、return“归还”、keep“保留”均不符合“请求借物品”的语境,故选B。
二、句型转换
1. not open
详解:“Could you please not + 动词原形”为否定请求结构,故填not open。
2. lent;to
详解:原句主语是借入者,改为“Tom作主语”(借出者)需用“lend...to...”,borrow的过去式对应lend的过去式lent,故填lent;to。
3. but
详解:though与but不能连用,原句用though表转折,同义句需用but连接分句,故填but。
4. borrowed;from
详解:原句主语是借出者,改为“我作主语”(借入者)需用“borrow...from...”,lend的过去式对应borrow的过去式borrowed,故填borrowed;from。
第三部分 拓展篇
一、完形填空
1. A
详解:请求借字典需委婉语气,用Could,Can语气较随意,must“必须”、should“应该”无请求含义,故选A。
2. A
详解:“着急”与“认真查字典”为转折关系,though表“虽然”,引导让步从句;so表结果、but不能置于句首、because表原因,均不符合,故选A。
3. A
详解:请求帮忙检查作业需委婉语气,用could;should“应该”、must“必须”、need“需要”均无委婉请求含义,故选A。
4. B
详解:Mike从图书馆“借入”书,用borrow;由“yesterday”可知为一般过去时,borrow的过去式为borrowed,lend表“借出”不符合语境,故选B。
二、阅读理解
1. She borrowed Anna’s gardening tools first.
详解:由第一段“Could you please lend me your gardening tools ”可知,格林太太最先借的是园艺工具。
2. Because her old gardening tools broke last month.
详解:由第二段“she borrowed her old tools from her friend five years ago, but they broke last month”可知,她的旧工具坏了,所以需要借安娜的。
3. She could keep it for a few days.
详解:由第三段“You can keep it for a few days”可知,格林太太可借食谱书几天。
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