第04讲 阅读理解——议论文
目录
01 课标达标练
考向 议论文
02 核心突破练
议论文创新练
03 真题溯源练
1.（2025·浙江省桐乡市高三5月模拟测试）
Human beings have a fundamental need to belong. Yet we are living in a time of loneliness and isolation. A lack of social connection can have negative consequences for both our mental and physical health. To encourage the feelings of connectedness, recent studies suggest that experiential purchases, such as travel, meals at restaurants and recreation, tend to bring people more happiness than material ones, and can promote a greater sense of social connection.
In a series of 13 experiments involving 1,980 participants, researchers asked people to think about either experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases. People reported feeling more connected with those who had made the same experiential purchase than those who had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an individual’s identity.
Moreover, these findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ. Even in cases where participants were asked to consider a situation in which they met someone making a similar but better experiential or material purchase, experiences were more likely to foster connection between people than material items were. Although the unpleasant social comparison can create a sense of social distance, this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases. That’s because it’s easier for people to find common ground and feel kinship with someone else over their similar experiences.
Finally, after people think about a joyous experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. As experiences bond us with others, they provide memories of such bond that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in even more sociality.
One clear takeaway from this research is that people would likely be wise to shift their spending habit from “having” to “doing”. Also, the research hints that directing resources toward more community engagement might drive improvements in societal well-being.
1．Which can be an example of experiential purchases
A．Watching a paid magic show. B．Claiming free food samples.
C．Reading fictions in a library. D．Purchasing a trendy T-shirt.
2．What does the underlined word “kinship” in paragraph 3 mean
A．A shared family background. B．A sense of emotional closeness.
C．A tendency to be competitive. D．A desire to purchase the same things.
3．What can be learned about experiential purchases
A．They are better for mental development. B．They create unpleasant social comparisons.
C．They contribute to widening social distance. D．They encourage engagement in social events.
4．What are people advised to do according to the text
A．Reflecting on our consumption preference. B．Seting rules to limit unnecessary spending.
C．Encouraging community engagement. D．Exploiting more resources in community.
2.（2025届辽宁省沈阳市皇姑区辽宁省实验中学高三下学期二模）While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing.
We often have this belief that when faced with a creative challenge, we need to generate a really good idea that will save the day. As a result, we focus on “the perfect idea” or “the best solution” without the necessity of generating lots of bad ones along the way. Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process.
One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy (蹩脚的) ideas.
Creativity is based on the concept of producing multiple ideas — ideas without any restrictions, definitions, or limitations. When we imagine the quality of an idea, we limit its effectiveness. When we pre-assess thoughts in advance of putting them into action, we reduce their worth or ultimate use. The impacts are shocking. There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit.
The solution when faced with a creative challenge: generate overmuch ideas without regard to their appropriateness or usefulness. Some of those ideas will be possibilities and some will be useless. That’s OK. Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. It’s your brain with its “pedal (踏板) to the metal”.
1．What does the author believe about the creative process
A．It must avoid taking any risks. B．It requires some perfect ideas.
C．It’s limited to practical solutions. D．It should involve producing crappy ideas.
2．Why does the author mention the book Writing Down the Bones in paragraph 3
A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact.
C．To prove an opinion. D．To make a prediction.
3．What impact does focusing on perfect ideas have on creativity
A．Enhancing risk-taking. B．Limiting logical thoughts.
C．Destroying creative spirit. D．Encouraging diverse thinking.
4．What would be the best title for this text
A．How We Overcome Creative Blocks B．Why It’s Good to Have Crappy Ideas
C．The Ways of Generating Rich Creativity D．The Importance of Increasing Writing Art
3.（2025届吉林省白城市高三下学期模拟预测）In a world where our digital devices have become extensions of ourselves, it’s no surprise that we often immerse (沉浸) ourselves in screens rather than engage with the world and people around us.
But amidst this digital deluge (涌现的事物), something vital is being lost: the art of genuine human connection. These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions.
Small talk often receives criticism for being empty or insignificant. Rarely does someone express a fondness for it, let alone find fulfillment in it. However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection.
But our aversion (厌恶) to small talk is significant. We may convince ourselves that we’re not good at it or that it’s unnecessary, but that’s simply an excuse. Yes, of course, social anxiety is real, but the only way to overcome the fears is through practice, gaining confidence by slowly taking risks, and actively engaging in conversations.
So, how can we embrace small talk and harness its power Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level.
Like any skill, small talk requires practice. Start small by initiating conversations with strangers or acquaintances and gradually work your way up to deeper connections. With each interaction, you’ll gain confidence and build the skills necessary for meaningful conversations.
It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with practice, we can regain the richness of human interaction and cultivate relationships that truly nourish(滋养)the soul, build confidence, and reclaim the internal real estate that is overrun with anxious thoughts.
1．Why do people often prefer to engage with digital devices rather than the real world
A．They find it more convenient to do so. B．They are afraid of genuine relationships.
C．They have little time to engage with others. D．They want to avoid face-to-face communication.
2．What does the author think of small talk
A．It is an unnecessary and hard skill. B．It takes a lot of meaningful time.
C．It plays a crucial role in social interactions. D．It is difficult to master for most people.
3．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Hold. B．Employ. C．Discover. D．Overlook.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．How to Overcome Social Anxiety B．The Challenges of Modern Social Life
C．Digital Devices and Human Connection D．The Power of Small Talk in Social Life
4.（2025届山东师范大学附属中学高三下学期5月适应性检测）For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it
For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities: pursuing a life of happiness, or a life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits.
Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is and they’ll tell you this: lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it But it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort
Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in the community. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning: researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t.
My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment: psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and turns; a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong.
Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear”.
1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning
A．Their benefits outweigh the limits. B．They are equally difficult to achieve.
C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits. D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning.
2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3
A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life. B．We should live up to others’ expectations.
C．Life means more than leisure and comfort. D．Happiness requires academic achievement.
3．What does the underlined words “a dark side” imply in paragraph 4
A．It may lead to prejudice against outsiders. B．It may result in the loss of group belonging.
C．It demands too much volunteer involvement. D．It makes people forget their family responsibilities.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article
A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy. B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment.
C．To criticize traditional psychological research. D．To compare different cultural views on happiness.
5.（2025届山东省日照市高三下学期三模）
Now controversial new technologies promise parents even more control over their embryos (胚胎) . Today, a lot of those “designer babies” are teenagers. And some families are discovering that things don’t always work out as planned; The kids feel like walking science experiments; the parents are disappointed in how their children turned out. Fertility (生育) businesses are selling a chance of domestic welfare, and these families feel cheated.
People who have children this way often place too much importance on genes while ignoring the environment. It’s like, “This is what our family is going to look like. We’re going to pick a kid, and this is how we're going to put it together,” It’s like a project or building a company. People don’t always realize they are creating a human being and not a piece of furniture. They tend to get what they want and don’t hear “no” a lot. So when their kid shows up and isn't the way that they want, what happens
Usually, it’s a disaster. In these homes, a high value gets placed on achievement. I think the way these kids are created sends the message: “You’re not good enough. You need to achieve.” When the kids struggle, it’s especially devastating. The child grows up feeling very different, knowing they were an experiment but not getting the proper support or acceptance they need to grow.
In my work, I help parents accept: This is the child you have. I help them make abstract concepts more concrete. Sometimes just explaining “you and your child are not the same person” does the trick. And I help kids accept the reality of their parents. Or say a teenager doesn’t feel loved. I might need to clarify to them that “love” is not a tangible feeling, like getting kicked. It means someone feels fondness toward you like you feel fondness toward candies or toys.
Trying to control your child is a recipe for disaster. The kid is going to rebel (反抗) . I don’t know if anyone’s making sure parents understand that they can’t test-drive a child and then return it. You probably can predict stocks, but human behavior has far too many variables.
1．What does the author stress regarding “designer babies” in paragraph 1
A．The high expectations from their parents.
B．The psychological impact on their families.
C．The intentional cheating from fertility businesses.
D．The moral issues surrounding genetic engineering.
2．What is a common problem for families with “designer babies”
A．The children often rebel against their parents.
B．The parents are too focused on genetic perfection.
C．The children feel like they are science experiments.
D．The parents are unable to afford to raise their children.
3．What does the underlined word “devastating” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Confusing. B．Doubtful. C．Challenging. D．Harmful.
4．What is the author’s suggestion for parents of “designer babies”
A．Invest more in genetic research.
B．Accept their children as they are.
C．Focus more on their children’s achievements.
D．Seek professional help to shape their children.
6.（2025届江西省华大新高考联盟高三下学期名校高考预测卷（三模））A growing number of companies are building humanoid robots, and these mechanical look-alikes are starting to appear in car factories and delivery places. Some businesses even promise robots for home use. Yet one big question still has no answer: Why bother Why make a robot in a human shape when it could take any imaginable form
The usual answer is that humanoid robots could, in principle, handle any physical jobs a person can. But that “in principle” is doing a lot of heavy lifting. If you’ve watched videos of these robots, you’ll get it — they’re often clumsy, awkward machines. Sure, the technology helping them stand and move has come a long way, but they’re still not as quick or graceful as humans. Meanwhile, robots built for a single job — like an arm shifting goods between conveyor belts (传送带) — are now commonplace. Designed with one purpose, they do it really well, unlike humanoid robots, which aim to do everything but often master nothing.
Another argument is that a human shape makes it easier for people to work with or control robots. This holds some water, especially since many of these machines still need skilled human panies often avoid admitting this, calling it a short-term phase, but the dream of fully independent, AI-powered humanoid robots — ones that match or beat human workers — remains a long shot. For now, what we’ve got are human-shaped shells guided by people behind the scenes. When Elon Musk introduced Tesla’s Optimus robot in 2021, he proudly claimed it could teach, babysit, walk dogs, fetch groceries, or pour drinks. Yet those robots weren’t AI-driven, and each was controlled by a hidden human. Notice a pattern These tasks—low-wage, service-oriented jobs — suggest that, for now, humanoid robots just mask human effort with a shiny surface.
Some remote-controlled robots serve real purposes, like in deep-sea exploration. But those machines aren’t shaped like humans — they look like capsules or small vehicles, and they work just fine. The idea that robots must be human-shaped is a failure of imagination.
Yes, humanoid robots look impressive. They remind us of the fantasies in science fictions where machines handle all difficult tasks. But today, they are mostly marketing tools, masking human labor. And a robot that doesn’t truly improve life is missing the point.
1．What does the underlined phrase “holds some water” mean in paragraph 3
A．Provides sufficient evidence. B．Makes much sense.
C．Is partly reasonable. D．Is widely accepted.
2．Why does the author mention Tesla’s Optimus robot
A．To prove humanoid robots are better. B．To highlight its impressive technology.
C．To show it can replace human workers. D．To suggest it is in the charge of humans.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward humanoid robots
A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Cautious.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A．When Humanoid Robots Miss Potential B．How Humanoid Robots Miss Goals
C．What Humanoid Robots Lack Now D．Why Humanoid Robots Fall Short
7.（2025届重庆市第八中学校高三下学期5月全真模拟）Psychologists long believed happiness and meaning were keys to a good life. Recent research, however, reveals a third dimension (维度): psychological richness. In his book Life in Three Dimensions, ShigehiroOishi argues that significant life fulfillment requires embracing curiosity-driven exploration and transformative experiences alongside happiness and meaning.
Oishi shares the story of a father and son. The father lived a stable life in a rural Japanese town, maintaining family traditions for his entire life. His son pursued a different path — leaving his home, studying abroad, and moving across continents. Although their lives highlight different priorities, both found elements of happiness and meaning. Even so, does that mean they both live a full life
Traditional psychology outlines two paths to achieve life fulfillment. The eudaimonic path values meaning through family, community, or professional dedications, while the hedonic path seeks happiness by enjoyable careers, rewarding experiences, or leisure pursuits. Yet both paths contain pitfalls. Overemphasizing happiness often breeds anxiety, as studies confirm lasting contentment stems from relationships, not achievements. Similarly, being attached to great causes risks burnout. Therefore, either happiness or meaning alone fails to account for the human need for a complete life.
Psychological richness emerges as the vital third dimension. It involves lives colored by novel experiences that reshape perspectives — studying abroad, mastering complex skills, or overcoming difficulties. People who are curious or social naturally enjoy this. Even those lacking these characters can cultivate it through small decisions, creative hobbies, or minor risks like exploring unfamiliar neighborhoods. Even hard times can enhance psychological richness when regarded as opportunities to grow.
As the son in the story, Oishi concludes that fulfillment lies not in choosing between happiness, meaning, or richness but combining them together. A farmer’s steady life and a traveler’s exciting journey both matter. Ultimately, the richest existence isn’t about perfection in any single dimension but the harmonious interplay of all three.
1．What factor best explains the father-son difference
A．Generation gap. B．Personal choices.
C．Educational status. D．Economic conditions.
2．What does the underlined word “pitfalls” probably mean in paragraph 3
A．Costs. B．Features. C．Advantages. D．Reasons.
3．What can be learned from the book
A．Personalities are difficult to change.
B．Psychological richness develops with age.
C．Traditional views should be abandoned.
D．Life satisfaction is shaped by multiple factors.
4．What is the recommended shelf category for the book
A．Cultural Studies & Emotional Health. B．Personal Growth & Life Philosophy.
C．Global Experiences & Art Appreciation. D．Human Connection & Career Development.
8.（2025山西省高三下学期5月押题）In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become a rarity. The digital revolution, while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading.
Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page; it’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy (共情) , and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.
In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate.
In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention spans. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading.
Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists have found that regular Internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading.
The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知) ; it has broader societal consequences. In education, students accustomed to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills.
Given the challenges, how can we preserve and promote deep reading in the digital age
1．Why is deep reading important
A．It promotes the use of social media. B．It boosts readers` innovative ability.
C．It allows for faster decision-making. D．It enables quick scanning of information.
2．How do the Internet and digital media affect deep reading
A．They improve reading efficiency.
B．They increase access to diverse resources.
C．They contributes to divided attention habits.
D．They provide new ideas for better understanding.
3．What message does the author mainly convey in para 5
A．The human brain has a strong adaptability.
B．The internet has a positive impact on our brains.
C．The way we process information changes with our habits.
D．The internet disfavors deep reading despite its advantages.
4．What is expected to be talked about next
A．Strategies to promote deep reading. B．The future application of digital media.
C．The benefits of digital reading materials. D．Historical examples of deep reading practices.
9.（2025届黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学校高三下学期第四次模拟）Last semester, I was extremely excited about a big science project in my school. I had spent weeks researching, planning, and conducting experiments, believing that my hard work would surely lead to a great result. However, when the results were announced, I was devastated. My project didn’t even make it to the shortlist.
At first, I was filled with self-doubt and disappointment. I questioned all my efforts and wondered if it was all in vain. But as I took some time to reflect, I began to see the failure in a different light.
Failure, I realized, is not the end but a valuable teacher. It forced me to analyze my project thoroughly. I found that there were flaws in my experimental design and some key aspects that I had overlooked. This self-awareness was crucial. It taught me to be more careful and thorough in my future endeavors.
History is filled with examples of great people who failed before achieving success. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before inventing the light bulb. Each failure was a step forward for him, helping him to get rid of what didn’t work and focus on what did. His story shows that failure is a stepping-stone to success.
Failure also builds resilience. When we face failure and overcome the initial shock and disappointment, we become stronger mentally. We learn to bounce back from setbacks, which is an essential skill in life
In the end, that failed science project was not a disaster but a blessing in disguise. It taught me more than I could have learned from a successful outcome. It made me a better learner and a more determined person.
1．How did the author feel when his science project failed
A．Proud. B．Angry. C．Disappointed. D．Indifferent.
2．What did the author find after reflecting on the failure
A．His hard work was totally wasted. B．He had made some mistakes in his project.
C．The judges were unfair to him. D．His project was actually very good.
3．What can we infer from Thomas Edison’s story
A．Success comes easily without failure. B．Failure is always a negative thing.
C．We should be afraid of failure. D．Failure can lead to success.
4．What is the main idea of the passage
A．The process of a science project. B．The importance of success in life.
C．The value and lessons we can learn from failure. D．How to avoid failure in projects.
10.（2025届重庆市高三下学期第三次联合诊断检测）In 1933, philosopher Bertrand Russell observed that “the fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are confident while the intelligent are full of doubt.” This insight remains relevant today, but the issue runs deeper: while most people recognize overconfidence in others, they rarely see it in themselves. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect, reveals that those with the least knowledge often overestimate their abilities, while the truly knowledgeable remain humble and open-minded.
The internet exacerbates this problem. With endless access to information, people often mistake superficial understanding for professional knowledge, leading to overconfidence. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant addresses this in his book Think Again, urging readers to challenge and update their beliefs. Grant argues that we often adopt the mindsets of churchmen, lawyers, or politicians — defending our beliefs, attacking others’, or seeking approval — rather than seeking truth.
To overcome this, Grant suggests separating our sense of self from fixed beliefs. Instead of sticking to beliefs, we should be open to revision. This scientific mindset encourages us to test ideas and update our understanding. Grant cites a study where entrepreneurs (企业家) trained in scientific thinking did better than their peers and achieved greater success, which highlights the value of open-mindedness and adaptability.
In the final part of the book, Grant shows us how rethinking skills enhance political debates, teaching, and workplace innovation. Grant provides a host of illustrative examples, but my favorite is the example of a history teacher who gets her students to think like scientists by rewriting textbook chapters that failed to cover important historical events in sufficient depth. This is a far better approach than simply delivering a lecture and forcing students to review the information on a test.
But of course, this book is not the final word on the topic, and Grant wouldn’t want it to be. As we gain better evidence and more experience, it’s our responsibility to continually renew our beliefs. As Russell said, “If you’re certain of anything, you’re certainly wrong, because nothing deserves absolute certainty.”
1．What problem do most people have
A．Decline in self-confidence. B．Concern about others’ doubts.
C．Indifference to social problems. D．Unawareness of personal limitations.
2．What does the underlined word “exacerbates” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Creates. B．Fixes. C．Worsens. D．Prevents.
3．Which person could be an example in the final part of the book
A．A chef open to feedback. B．A scientist resistant to doubts.
C．A doctor reliant on experience. D．A consumer blinded by brands.
4．Which of the following can be used to describe the book
A．Practical and conclusive. B．Insightful but not definitive.
C．Informative and theoretical. D．Authoritative but not engaging.
11.（2025届江西省南昌市高三下学期二模）What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.
1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory
A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts.
B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3
A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures.
C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset.
3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on
A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications.
C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages.
4．What is probably the best title of the text
A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade
C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never
12.（2025届河北省部分校高三下学期3月模拟预测）Consider the hierarchy (层次) of needs proposed in 1943 by the psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow believed that people tend to focus on meeting their needs in a particular order of urgency. We start with survival needs such as food, shelter, and safety. Once these have been met, we turn our attention to social and emotional needs, such as love and belonging. Finally, we focus on higher-order needs such as self-actualization — in other words, looking for life’s meaning.
Of these three levels, money is only truly helpful for the first. This is why economists often find that well-being doesn’t improve much once a person reaches the relatively humble financial means that meet those needs. The “middle needs” of love and belonging — family, friends, romance — can’t be met with money, and pursuing money with too much gusto can even result in unexpected consequences.
Focusing too much on money is actively opposed to Maslow’s highest-level needs, because doing so can lead people into a trap that researchers call “financial contingency of self-worth,” which happens when a person’s self-esteem is conditional on his or her financial success.
This might explain why stress levels are high both when money is tight and when people reach higher income levels. A 2018 survey conducted by LinkedIn found that stress at work falls when people earn more than $50,000, but then starts to rise significantly when people earn above $200,000. One reason for the stress among high earners is their neglect (忽略) of relationships, according to some researchers.
Perhaps your parents always put a lot of pressure on you to succeed financially, or you tend to be insecure about your self-worth and rely a lot on social comparison. One way or another, you might be measuring yourself in money, and without realizing it, hoping that at some point you will be “expensive” enough to earn others’ love and respect. Your instincts (直觉) might be telling you to earn more, more, more in order to find peace and satisfaction. Your instincts are lying, and you could get much happier by reassessing your priorities.
1．What is the primary role of money according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A．It ensures a sense of safety. B．It satisfies all levels of needs.
C．It is crucial for self-actualization. D．It is most effective for basic survival needs.
2．What does “gusto” mean in paragraph 2
A．Resistance. B．Enthusiasm. C．Indifference. D．Hesitation.
3．Why might pursuing money excessively lead to stress even at higher income levels
A．It leads to a constant need for financial growth.
B．It complicates financial choices for the wealthy.
C．It may overshadow social and emotional bonds.
D．It increases the pressure to maintain high income.
4．What is the author’s view on using money as a measure of self-worth
A．It’s a natural response. B．It’s a reasonable pursuit.
C．It’s a notable misconception. D．It’s a temporary phase in personal growth.
13.（2025届湖北省名校（圆创）高三下学期三月联合测评）Since the dawn of human history, innovation has been a balancing act of wonder and fear. From the discovery of fire to the first flights of airplanes, each technological breakthrough has promised to enhance human abilities while simultaneously (同时) causing risks. Fire could warm us or destroy us; airplanes could connect us or be turned into tools of war. Yet through all these advancements, one constant has remained: human cognition (认知) , the unique spark of thought and creativity that has shaped our progress.
But today, something is different. For the first time in history, human cognition itself is at risk of being out-of-date. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), we are no longer just building tools to enhance our abilities; we are building systems that may be superior to our very capacity to think, create, and innovate. This shift doesn’t just completely change industries, but it also challenges the core of what makes us human.
In past innovations, technologies functioned as extensions of human abilities. The airplanes enlarged our physical reach, the Internet expanded our access to information, and computers increased our ability to compute. These tools were clearly under human control, operating within the boundaries we set.
However, AI is fundamentally different. It operates in the range of cognition, not merely conducting tasks, but also learning, reasoning, and even generating creative content. From writing news articles to diagnosing diseases, AI systems are performing tasks once thought to require uniquely human judgment. What happens when machines can think better than we can And, more importantly, what does it mean to be human in an age when our intellectual strength is no longer guaranteed
Historically, we’ve accepted obsolescence (过时) as part of the cycle of innovation and, in most situations, embraced it. Outdated tools should be abandoned, and new ones take their place. But when the “tool” at risk of obsolescence is human cognition itself, we enter unknown area. AI’s capacity to potentially outdo our intellectual talents puts humanity in a weak position, one where we must confront our own limitations.
1．What can we infer from the first paragraph
A．One good turn deserves another. B．Take things as they come.
C．Don’t put the cart before the horse. D．Every coin has two sides.
2．What does the author mean by saying “But today, something is different” in paragraph 2
A．Human cognition starts to be outdated. B．Wonder and fear have lost balance.
C．Human cognition has reached a ceiling. D．Creativity has shaped our progress.
3．How is the main idea presented in the text
A．By telling stories. B．By analyzing causes.
C．By giving examples. D．By applying inferences.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the rise of artificial intelligence
A．Concerned. B．Skeptical. C．Positive. D．Unclear.
议论文创新练
1.（2025届湖北省荆州市沙市区湖北省沙市中学高三下学期六月适应性检测）For centuries, what makes human creativity so precious is not only the final products it yields, but also the effort behind their creation. But in a world where AI can generate anything with the click of a button, how do we distinguish what truly matters How does human-made art survive
Throughout history, the most famous works of art, literature, and music have carried a sense of labor, dedication, and mastery. We don’t just admire the end product; we admire how it came to be. Masterpieces like Van Gogh’s “Starry Night” sustain not simply for their artistic beauty, but for the human stories they carry. They remind us that art is not just about beauty or skill — it is about intention, persistence, and what makes us human.
As AI floods the world with instant beauty, we’re entering an era of “aesthetic inflation”, where perfectly composed images, poetic style, and movie-like storytelling are available to anyone, instantly and at no cost. This makes us think about when beauty is effortless and endless, does human creations still have value
But human imperfection isn’t a weakness — it’s part of who we are, shaping our understanding of humanity. Our struggles, mistakes, and limitations aren’t just difficulties to overcome — they’re part of what gives life meaning. In this light, AI’s ability to create perfect art feels almost unnatural—a rejection of the struggle that gives creativity its weight. It may achieve technical perfection — but at the cost of the original energy that makes art stir feelings within people. Even at its most impressive, AI-generated art often feels empty. It has no real emotions or experiences, and no clear creator, failing to create unexpected surprises and arouse shared emotion with audience.
Therefore, to preserve meaning, selection and context become more crucial. As AI can produce endless content, the human elements like context, narrative and the reasoning behind art become the true value source. Also, AI can be a creative collaborator rather than a replacement, refining ideas while keeping human imperfection and feeling, and acting as an amplifier (放大镜) of human vision.
1．Why do masterpieces like “Starry Night” remain valuable in the AI era
A．They represent unique human characteristics.
B．They showcase brilliant artistic creation skill.
C．They are created through long production processes.
D．They contain human emotional depth and creative effort.
2．Why does the author mention “aesthetic inflation” in paragraph 3
A．To demonstrate AI’s efficiency in art creation.
B．To prove that AI-generated art is more affordable.
C．To criticize the overuse of technology in art creation.
D．To stress the devaluation of beauty due to mass production.
3．How does the author develop the argument in the passage
A．By giving examples. B．By giving definitions.
C．By making comparisons. D．By making classifications.
4．The author wrote this passage to ___________.
A．show ways to perfect art with AI
B．teach how to create art in the age of AI
C．argue why human art still matters in the AI age
D．introduce a new revolution in art creation brought by AI
2.（2025届湖北省武汉市第二中学高三下学期二模）In Malcolm Gladwell’s thought — provoking book Outliers (异类), the Matthew effect (马太效应) suggests that an individual’s success is intricately tied to the timing of their birth date and the subsequent opportunities that arise. While Gladwell claims that this seemingly random factor initiates a chain of advantages leading to success, this essay seek to challenge that perception. It argues that success is an interplay of multiple factors, insisting that individual ambition, inborn talent, and family influences are equally crucial, if not more so, in shaping one’s path to success.
Gladwell argues that those who possess will receive more, and those without will lose even the little they have. He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success.
Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success. Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong desire to become a doctor. Stephanie’s upbringing in a modest environment with parents of limited education did not provide her with extraordinary opportunities. However, her unwavering ambition stimulated her to overcome obstacles. Her story vividly illustrates the power of ambition in fostering determination, maintaining focus, and creating opportunities independent of external advantages.
While Gladwell focuses mainly on accumulative advantages, he overlooks the significant role of inborn talent in inspiring individuals to success. Natural abilities, distinct from skills acquired through training, often act as a catalyst (催化剂) for extraordinary achievement. Consider the case of Taylor, a high school freshman on a local swim team. Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. His success demonstrates that innate talent, independent of external advantages, can be a driving force in the pursuit of excellence.
In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement.
1．Which example does the author use to demonstrate the power of individual ambition
A．Malcolm Gladwell’s definition of “outliers”.
B．The achievements of the Medicine Hat hockey team.
C．The story of Stephanie Bradley who desires to be a doctor.
D．The experience of Taylor, a high-school freshman on a swim team.
2．What can we infer from the passage about Gladwell’s perspective on success
A．It has been supported by scholars in the field.
B．It fully takes into account the diverse factors influencing success.
C．It might overlook the significance of certain internal factors for success.
D．It provides an comprehensive and accurate theory for understanding success.
3．What implication can we draw from the example of Taylor
A．Athletes without financial support can never achieve great success.
B．Innate talents can fuel success even without external advantages.
C．Accumulative advantages are the decisive factor for an athlete’s victory.
D．High-school freshmen are more likely to shine in sports competitions.
4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage
A．Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More
B．Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers: A Groundbreaking Theory
C．The Matthew Effect: Unveiling the True Secret of Success
D．The Stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor: Keys to Success
3.（2025届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模）Every day, you likely hear a new piece of advice. One suggestion you may hear is to “fake it until you make it”, especially if you’re starting something new, like a job. But is it really good advice
Fake it till you make it is an expression in which a person imitates (模仿) the confidence or skills they need to succeed in what they are doing in the hope that they will eventually feel real. Advocates of this idea say you can fake confidence and hope that, eventually, it will inspire real confidence.
The best time to use this strategy may be when you’re trying to change your behavior to improve yourself. If you aim to boost your work productivity, you might draw inspiration from your more efficient colleagues. This way can help you learn strategies to enhance your performance. Similarly, in your personal life, striving to be more friendly and warm can initially feel awkward but will ultimately foster better relationships with those around you.
Unfortunately, faking it till you make it doesn’t always bring sunshine, lollipops, and rainbows. It may not work when dealing with hard skills, assisting others, or faking who you are. For example, it is incredibly hard to fake technical skills and competence like software experience. It’s also hard to assist others if you lack understanding of the subject. Moreover, pretending to be someone you’re not or making false claims can be exposed.
One study shows that it can snowball into imposter syndrome, which can arise when individuals feel their success is undeserved and fear being exposed as a fake. Unfortunately, faking it till you make it can exacerbate that syndrome, leading to avoidance and negative impacts on productivity and well-being.
In conclusion, there is a difference between learning new behaviors and lying about your identity or skills. One can build you into a better worker or friend, but the latter can get you into trouble. “Fake it till you make it” can be a useful approach for some, while it can also contribute to imposter syndrome for others.
1．Why do some people adopt the strategy “fake it till you make it”
A．To criticize the behavior of others.
B．To make others trust their abilities.
C．To avoid taking on new challenges.
D．To gain confidence through imitation.
2．In what type of situation might “fake it till you make it” be ineffective
A．When taking up a new hobby.
B．When trying to stay focused in class.
C．When teaching others computer skills.
D．When socializing with your classmates.
3．What does the underlined word “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Worsen. B．Relieve.
C．Prevent. D．Recognize.
4．What is the author’s main viewpoint on the strategy “fake it till you make it”
A．It can be positive or negative.
B．It is a useful tool in our daily life.
C．It is more harmful in the long run.
D．It’s always good for personal growth.
4.（2025届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三下学期适应性考试（四））In the early 1900s, when pursuing one of his many projects, the French chemist and inventor Edouard Benedictus invented shatterproof (防碎的) glass by chance, although its importance wasn t recognized until issues emerged within the car market.
Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance plays a role, as in Benedictus s story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them
Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe, someone would have got there. Independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace(the latter 15 years behind Darwin)arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in biological evolution, is called convergence (趋同性): two non-closely related species develop similar functional adaptations. This is an important clue that can help explain why this pattern also exists in scientific knowledge: Different research teams face similar pressures to find solutions, driving them to pursue similar paths of inquiry.
If we analyze the steps that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. Yet is it really possible that all discoveries were “in the air”
All scientists are learning from those giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by prior knowledge, the framework of established habits, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge. Therefore, it will be possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and unexpected.
1．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________.
A．late recognition. B．accidental invention.
C．chemical innovation. D．emergence of problems.
2．The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________.
A．independent but similar solutions found by different people.
B．limited resources and technological difficulties in science.
C．the important role of similar data in scientific research.
D．fierce competition among scientists of different times.
3．What advantage might less-known scientists have over established researchers
A．Access to advanced tools. B．Greater funding opportunities.
C．Stronger peer cooperation. D．Freedom from rigid mindsets.
4．Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage
A．All discoveries are sure results of technological progress.
B．Chance alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements.
C．Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned.
D．Breakthroughs integrate accidental opportunities with prepared minds.
1.【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype
2.【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us
A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results
A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world.
B. When our love for the world is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind to the reality.
55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
3.【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach
33. What can we learn from this passage？
A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
34. What can we infer from this passage？
A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We should live in harmony with nature．
D. History is a mirror reflecting reality．
4.【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings kno第04讲 阅读理解——议论文
目录
01 课标达标练
考向 议论文
02 核心突破练
议论文创新练
03 真题溯源练
1.（2025·浙江省桐乡市高三5月模拟测试）
Human beings have a fundamental need to belong. Yet we are living in a time of loneliness and isolation. A lack of social connection can have negative consequences for both our mental and physical health. To encourage the feelings of connectedness, recent studies suggest that experiential purchases, such as travel, meals at restaurants and recreation, tend to bring people more happiness than material ones, and can promote a greater sense of social connection.
In a series of 13 experiments involving 1,980 participants, researchers asked people to think about either experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases. People reported feeling more connected with those who had made the same experiential purchase than those who had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an individual’s identity.
Moreover, these findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ. Even in cases where participants were asked to consider a situation in which they met someone making a similar but better experiential or material purchase, experiences were more likely to foster connection between people than material items were. Although the unpleasant social comparison can create a sense of social distance, this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases. That’s because it’s easier for people to find common ground and feel kinship with someone else over their similar experiences.
Finally, after people think about a joyous experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. As experiences bond us with others, they provide memories of such bond that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in even more sociality.
One clear takeaway from this research is that people would likely be wise to shift their spending habit from “having” to “doing”. Also, the research hints that directing resources toward more community engagement might drive improvements in societal well-being.
1．Which can be an example of experiential purchases
A．Watching a paid magic show. B．Claiming free food samples.
C．Reading fictions in a library. D．Purchasing a trendy T-shirt.
2．What does the underlined word “kinship” in paragraph 3 mean
A．A shared family background. B．A sense of emotional closeness.
C．A tendency to be competitive. D．A desire to purchase the same things.
3．What can be learned about experiential purchases
A．They are better for mental development. B．They create unpleasant social comparisons.
C．They contribute to widening social distance. D．They encourage engagement in social events.
4．What are people advised to do according to the text
A．Reflecting on our consumption preference. B．Seting rules to limit unnecessary spending.
C．Encouraging community engagement. D．Exploiting more resources in community.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了体验式购买相比物质购买更能促进社交连接和幸福感，并通过一系列实验研究论证了这一观点，最终建议人们将消费习惯从“拥有”转向“参与”，并鼓励社区参与以提升社会福祉。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第1段“To encourage the feelings of connectedness, recent studies suggest that experiential purchases, such as travel, meals at restaurants and recreation, tend to bring people more happiness than material ones, and can promote a greater sense of social connection.(为了鼓励联系感，最近的研究表明，体验式消费，如旅游、在餐馆吃饭和娱乐活动，往往比物质消费给人们带来更多的幸福感，并能促进更大的社会联系感)”可推知，体验式购买是参与活动或经历。选项A“看付费魔术表演”是体验式购买的典型例子。故选A。
2．词句猜测题。根据文章第3段“Although the unpleasant social comparison can create a sense of social distance, this distance feels less wide when it comes to experiential purchases. That’s because it’s easier for people to find common ground and feel kinship with someone else over their similar experiences.(尽管不愉快的社会比较会产生一种社会距离感，但当涉及到体验式购买时，这种距离感就没那么大了。这是因为人们更容易找到共同点，并在相似的经历中与他人产生kinship)”可知，体验式购买时，这种社会距离感就没那么大，即较为亲近，所以kinship 表示情感上的亲近感。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第4段“Finally, after people think about a joyous experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. As experiences bond us with others, they provide memories of such bond that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in even more sociality.(最后，当人们想到一次快乐的经历后，他们比反思一件重要的财产后更渴望参与社交活动。当经历将我们与他人联系在一起时，它们提供了人们可以重温的这种联系的记忆。这些记忆反过来又可以鼓励更多的社交活动)”可推知，体验式购买会鼓励参与社交活动。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第5段“One clear takeaway from this research is that people would likely be wise to shift their spending habit from “having” to “doing”. Also, the research hints that directing resources toward more community engagement might drive improvements in societal well-being.(这项研究的一个明显结论是，人们可能会明智地将他们的消费习惯从“有”转变为“做”。此外，该研究暗示，将资源用于更多的社区参与可能会推动社会福祉的改善)”可推知，文章建议鼓励社区参与。故选C。
2.（2025届辽宁省沈阳市皇姑区辽宁省实验中学高三下学期二模）While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing.
We often have this belief that when faced with a creative challenge, we need to generate a really good idea that will save the day. As a result, we focus on “the perfect idea” or “the best solution” without the necessity of generating lots of bad ones along the way. Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process.
One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy (蹩脚的) ideas.
Creativity is based on the concept of producing multiple ideas — ideas without any restrictions, definitions, or limitations. When we imagine the quality of an idea, we limit its effectiveness. When we pre-assess thoughts in advance of putting them into action, we reduce their worth or ultimate use. The impacts are shocking. There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit.
The solution when faced with a creative challenge: generate overmuch ideas without regard to their appropriateness or usefulness. Some of those ideas will be possibilities and some will be useless. That’s OK. Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. It’s your brain with its “pedal (踏板) to the metal”.
1．What does the author believe about the creative process
A．It must avoid taking any risks. B．It requires some perfect ideas.
C．It’s limited to practical solutions. D．It should involve producing crappy ideas.
2．Why does the author mention the book Writing Down the Bones in paragraph 3
A．To explain a rule. B．To present a fact.
C．To prove an opinion. D．To make a prediction.
3．What impact does focusing on perfect ideas have on creativity
A．Enhancing risk-taking. B．Limiting logical thoughts.
C．Destroying creative spirit. D．Encouraging diverse thinking.
4．What would be the best title for this text
A．How We Overcome Creative Blocks B．Why It’s Good to Have Crappy Ideas
C．The Ways of Generating Rich Creativity D．The Importance of Increasing Writing Art
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述蹩脚想法是创造过程的必要部分。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a necessary and essential part of the creative process. (然而，产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。)”以及最后一段“Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. (最终，要知道这一点：产生蹩脚的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。)”可知，作者认为创造过程应该包括产生蹩脚的想法。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to create crappy ideas. (然而，产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。书中最好的建议之一是，对于作家和任何试图产生创造性想法的人来说，要允许自己产生蹩脚的想法。)”可知，作者在第三段提到《Writing Down the Bones》这本书是为了证明一个观点，即允许自己产生蹩脚的想法对于激发创造力是必要的。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“There is an idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks” mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit. (有一种观点认为，持续专注于只产生“好”或“完美”的想法会迫使我们陷入“不要冒任何风险”的心态，并显著降低我们的创造力。)”可知，专注于完美的想法会限制逻辑思维。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“While conducting a workshop on creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips (回形针). I invited each group to record as many different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full swing. (在开展一场关于创造力的研讨会时，我给每个小组发了一小盒回形针。我邀请每个小组在五分钟内尽可能多地记录下回形针的不同用途。显然，这些三年级的学生小组能够想出多种回答，而且这些回答的质量参差不齐。他们的创造力正蓬勃涌现。)”可知，全文围绕“蹩脚想法”在创造过程中的重要性展开，强调产生不可行、不切实际和毫无价值的想法是创造过程中必不可少的一部分。因此，最佳标题应突出“蹩脚想法”的积极作用。故选B。
3.（2025届吉林省白城市高三下学期模拟预测）In a world where our digital devices have become extensions of ourselves, it’s no surprise that we often immerse (沉浸) ourselves in screens rather than engage with the world and people around us.
But amidst this digital deluge (涌现的事物), something vital is being lost: the art of genuine human connection. These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions.
Small talk often receives criticism for being empty or insignificant. Rarely does someone express a fondness for it, let alone find fulfillment in it. However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection.
But our aversion (厌恶) to small talk is significant. We may convince ourselves that we’re not good at it or that it’s unnecessary, but that’s simply an excuse. Yes, of course, social anxiety is real, but the only way to overcome the fears is through practice, gaining confidence by slowly taking risks, and actively engaging in conversations.
So, how can we embrace small talk and harness its power Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level.
Like any skill, small talk requires practice. Start small by initiating conversations with strangers or acquaintances and gradually work your way up to deeper connections. With each interaction, you’ll gain confidence and build the skills necessary for meaningful conversations.
It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with practice, we can regain the richness of human interaction and cultivate relationships that truly nourish(滋养)the soul, build confidence, and reclaim the internal real estate that is overrun with anxious thoughts.
1．Why do people often prefer to engage with digital devices rather than the real world
A．They find it more convenient to do so. B．They are afraid of genuine relationships.
C．They have little time to engage with others. D．They want to avoid face-to-face communication.
2．What does the author think of small talk
A．It is an unnecessary and hard skill. B．It takes a lot of meaningful time.
C．It plays a crucial role in social interactions. D．It is difficult to master for most people.
3．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Hold. B．Employ. C．Discover. D．Overlook.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．How to Overcome Social Anxiety B．The Challenges of Modern Social Life
C．Digital Devices and Human Connection D．The Power of Small Talk in Social Life
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文，文章主要围绕“闲聊的力量”这一主题展开论述，阐述了闲聊在社交生活、建立人脉以及深化人际关系中的重要作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward social situations or difficult emotions.(这些设备提供了一个方便的逃避无聊或不适的方式，让我们避免尴尬的社交场合或困难的情绪)”可知，人们更喜欢使用数字设备而不是现实世界交往，是因为使用数字设备交往更方便，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions.(然而，闲聊在社交互动中很重要)”可知，作者认为闲聊在社会交往中起着至关重要的作用，故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Start by paying attention to your surroundings and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level.(首先要注意周围的环境，并与周围的人互动。无论是评论天气还是聊一聊共同的经历，闲聊都提供了一个与他人建立基本联系的机会)”可知，作者建议积极闲聊，下文在说如何通过关注周围环境并与周围的人互动来利用闲聊的力量，故划线词所在句指“接受闲聊并利用它的力量”，harness意为“利用”，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer opportunities for connection.(然而，闲聊在社交互动中很重要。把它想象成锻炼前的热身——它帮助我们轻松地进入更深层次的对话，建立信任和理解的基础。它为评估交流是否有可能培养友谊或加深联系奠定了基础。即使是在杂货店或公共汽车站与某人的一次性交流也提供了建立联系的机会)”可知，本文主要讲述闲聊在社会生活中的作用，D项“闲聊在社交生活中的力量”最适合作为标题，故选D。
4.（2025届山东师范大学附属中学高三下学期5月适应性检测）For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it
For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities: pursuing a life of happiness, or a life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits.
Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is and they’ll tell you this: lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it But it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort
Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in the community. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning: researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t.
My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment: psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and turns; a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong.
Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear”.
1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning
A．Their benefits outweigh the limits. B．They are equally difficult to achieve.
C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits. D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning.
2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3
A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life. B．We should live up to others’ expectations.
C．Life means more than leisure and comfort. D．Happiness requires academic achievement.
3．What does the underlined words “a dark side” imply in paragraph 4
A．It may lead to prejudice against outsiders. B．It may result in the loss of group belonging.
C．It demands too much volunteer involvement. D．It makes people forget their family responsibilities.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article
A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy. B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment.
C．To criticize traditional psychological research. D．To compare different cultural views on happiness.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者指出传统幸福与意义观有局限，提出 “心理丰富性” 概念，指通过多样经历改变视角，实现生活满足。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their limits.(这些路径各有其优势，但数十年的心理学研究也揭示了它们的局限性)”可知，关于追求幸福或意义，无论哪条道路都有其局限性，尽管它们都有诸多益处。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort (这有点像一个大学生，只选择容易的课程，只为确保能取得好成绩。难道生活中除了简单的快乐和舒适的生活之外就没有更多了吗？)”可知，第三段中“一名大学生”的例子说明了生活远不止是休闲和舒适。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“researchers have found that it can encourage people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t(研究人员发现，这可能会促使人们将那些属于自己群体的人与不属于的人划出明显的界限)”可知，下划线部分的“a dark side (阴暗面)”一词意味着它可能会导致对外人的偏见。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness and meaning. But what does that leave out As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it (数百年来，我们一直追求幸福与意义。但这样做的同时，又忽略了什么呢？作为一名社会心理学家，我的研究生涯一直围绕着一个简单却普遍的问题展开：什么样的生活才是美好的？我们又该如何实现这样的生活呢？)”并结合文章作者指出传统幸福与意义观有局限，提出“心理丰富性”概念，指通过多样经历改变视角，实现生活满足。可知，作者撰写这篇文章的旨在介绍一种新的生活满足感的概念。故选B。
5.（2025届山东省日照市高三下学期三模）
Now controversial new technologies promise parents even more control over their embryos (胚胎) . Today, a lot of those “designer babies” are teenagers. And some families are discovering that things don’t always work out as planned; The kids feel like walking science experiments; the parents are disappointed in how their children turned out. Fertility (生育) businesses are selling a chance of domestic welfare, and these families feel cheated.
People who have children this way often place too much importance on genes while ignoring the environment. It’s like, “This is what our family is going to look like. We’re going to pick a kid, and this is how we're going to put it together,” It’s like a project or building a company. People don’t always realize they are creating a human being and not a piece of furniture. They tend to get what they want and don’t hear “no” a lot. So when their kid shows up and isn't the way that they want, what happens
Usually, it’s a disaster. In these homes, a high value gets placed on achievement. I think the way these kids are created sends the message: “You’re not good enough. You need to achieve.” When the kids struggle, it’s especially devastating. The child grows up feeling very different, knowing they were an experiment but not getting the proper support or acceptance they need to grow.
In my work, I help parents accept: This is the child you have. I help them make abstract concepts more concrete. Sometimes just explaining “you and your child are not the same person” does the trick. And I help kids accept the reality of their parents. Or say a teenager doesn’t feel loved. I might need to clarify to them that “love” is not a tangible feeling, like getting kicked. It means someone feels fondness toward you like you feel fondness toward candies or toys.
Trying to control your child is a recipe for disaster. The kid is going to rebel (反抗) . I don’t know if anyone’s making sure parents understand that they can’t test-drive a child and then return it. You probably can predict stocks, but human behavior has far too many variables.
1．What does the author stress regarding “designer babies” in paragraph 1
A．The high expectations from their parents.
B．The psychological impact on their families.
C．The intentional cheating from fertility businesses.
D．The moral issues surrounding genetic engineering.
2．What is a common problem for families with “designer babies”
A．The children often rebel against their parents.
B．The parents are too focused on genetic perfection.
C．The children feel like they are science experiments.
D．The parents are unable to afford to raise their children.
3．What does the underlined word “devastating” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Confusing. B．Doubtful. C．Challenging. D．Harmful.
4．What is the author’s suggestion for parents of “designer babies”
A．Invest more in genetic research.
B．Accept their children as they are.
C．Focus more on their children’s achievements.
D．Seek professional help to shape their children.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过分析“设计婴儿”引发的家庭问题，探讨基因技术与家庭教育的伦理冲突，并提出倡导接纳孩子本真的观点。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“And some families are discovering that things don’t always work out as planned; The kids feel like walking science experiments; the parents are disappointed in how their children turned out.(一些家庭发现事情并不总是按计划进行；孩子们感觉自己像行走的科学实验品；父母对孩子的成长感到失望)”可知，作者强调“设计婴儿”给家庭带来的心理影响，包括孩子的自我认知偏差和父母的失望情绪。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“People who have children this way often place too much importance on genes while ignoring the environment.(通过这种方式生育孩子的人往往过于重视基因而忽视环境)”可知，这类家庭的共同问题是父母过于关注基因完美，将孩子视为可设计的“项目”而非独立个体。故选B。
3．词句猜测题。根据第三段 “ When the kids struggle, it’s especially devastating. The child grows up feeling very different, knowing they were an experiment but not getting the proper support or acceptance they need to grow.(当孩子们陷入困境时，这尤其devastating。孩子在成长过程中会感觉自己与他人截然不同，他们知道自己是实验的产物，却无法获得成长所需的适当支持或接纳)”可知，父母对成就的过度重视导致孩子在受挫时受到严重伤害，所以猜测devastating意为“毁灭性的、有害的”，与D项Harmful一致。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段“In my work, I help parents accept: This is the child you have. I help them make abstract concepts more concrete. Sometimes just explaining ‘you and your child are not the same person’ does the trick.(在我的工作中，我帮助父母接受一个事实：这就是你拥有的孩子。我帮助他们将抽象的概念变得更具体。有时，仅仅解释‘你和你的孩子不是同一个人’就能解决问题)”可推知，作者建议父母接受孩子的本真而非试图控制其基因或成长轨迹。故选B。
6.（2025届江西省华大新高考联盟高三下学期名校高考预测卷（三模））A growing number of companies are building humanoid robots, and these mechanical look-alikes are starting to appear in car factories and delivery places. Some businesses even promise robots for home use. Yet one big question still has no answer: Why bother Why make a robot in a human shape when it could take any imaginable form
The usual answer is that humanoid robots could, in principle, handle any physical jobs a person can. But that “in principle” is doing a lot of heavy lifting. If you’ve watched videos of these robots, you’ll get it — they’re often clumsy, awkward machines. Sure, the technology helping them stand and move has come a long way, but they’re still not as quick or graceful as humans. Meanwhile, robots built for a single job — like an arm shifting goods between conveyor belts (传送带) — are now commonplace. Designed with one purpose, they do it really well, unlike humanoid robots, which aim to do everything but often master nothing.
Another argument is that a human shape makes it easier for people to work with or control robots. This holds some water, especially since many of these machines still need skilled human panies often avoid admitting this, calling it a short-term phase, but the dream of fully independent, AI-powered humanoid robots — ones that match or beat human workers — remains a long shot. For now, what we’ve got are human-shaped shells guided by people behind the scenes. When Elon Musk introduced Tesla’s Optimus robot in 2021, he proudly claimed it could teach, babysit, walk dogs, fetch groceries, or pour drinks. Yet those robots weren’t AI-driven, and each was controlled by a hidden human. Notice a pattern These tasks—low-wage, service-oriented jobs — suggest that, for now, humanoid robots just mask human effort with a shiny surface.
Some remote-controlled robots serve real purposes, like in deep-sea exploration. But those machines aren’t shaped like humans — they look like capsules or small vehicles, and they work just fine. The idea that robots must be human-shaped is a failure of imagination.
Yes, humanoid robots look impressive. They remind us of the fantasies in science fictions where machines handle all difficult tasks. But today, they are mostly marketing tools, masking human labor. And a robot that doesn’t truly improve life is missing the point.
1．What does the underlined phrase “holds some water” mean in paragraph 3
A．Provides sufficient evidence. B．Makes much sense.
C．Is partly reasonable. D．Is widely accepted.
2．Why does the author mention Tesla’s Optimus robot
A．To prove humanoid robots are better. B．To highlight its impressive technology.
C．To show it can replace human workers. D．To suggest it is in the charge of humans.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward humanoid robots
A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic. C．Neutral. D．Cautious.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A．When Humanoid Robots Miss Potential B．How Humanoid Robots Miss Goals
C．What Humanoid Robots Lack Now D．Why Humanoid Robots Fall Short
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人形机器人存在的问题及缺陷。
1．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Another argument is that a human shape makes it easier for people to work with or control robots.(另一种观点认为，人类的形态使人们更容易与机器人合作或控制机器人) ”以及划线单词所在的句子“especially since many of these machines still need skilled human operators.(尤其是考虑到许多这样的机器仍然需要熟练的人类操作员)”可知，另一种观点认为，人类的外形让人们更容易与机器人合作或控制机器人，特别是考虑到许多这样的机器仍然需要熟练的人类操作员，这有一定道理，因此，划线短语“holds some water”意思是“有一定道理”。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“When Elon Musk introduced Tesla’s Optimus robot in 2021, he proudly claimed it could teach, babysit, walk dogs, fetch groceries, or pour drinks. Yet those robots weren’t AI-driven, and each was controlled by a hidden human.(2021年，当埃隆·马斯克介绍特斯拉的Optimus机器人时，他自豪地宣称，它可以教学、照顾孩子、遛狗、取杂货或倒饮料。然而，这些机器人并不是人工智能驱动的，每个机器人都由一个隐藏的人控制)”可推知，作者提到特斯拉的Optimus机器人是为了表明它是由人类控制的。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yes, humanoid robots look impressive. They remind us of the fantasies in science fictions where machines handle all difficult tasks. But today, they are mostly marketing tools, masking human labor. And a robot that doesn’t truly improve life is missing the point.(是的，人形机器人看起来令人印象深刻。它们让我们想起科幻小说中的幻想，机器可以处理所有困难的任务。但在今天，它们大多是营销工具，掩盖了人类的劳动。一个不能真正改善生活的机器人是没有意义的)”可推知，作者对人形机器人持怀疑态度。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A growing number of companies are building humanoid robots, and these mechanical look-alikes are starting to appear in car factories and delivery places. Some businesses even promise robots for home use. Yet one big question still has no answer: Why bother Why make a robot in a human shape when it could take any imaginable form (越来越多的公司正在制造人形机器人，这些机械外观相似的机器人开始出现在汽车工厂和送货地点。一些企业甚至承诺将机器人用于家庭。然而，一个大问题仍然没有答案：为什么要费心呢？既然机器人可以采取任何想象的形式，为什么还要把它做成人的形状呢？)”以及结合全文可知，本文主要讨论了人形机器人虽然看起来令人印象深刻，但目前大多只是营销工具，掩盖了人类的劳动，并没有真正改善生活。文章分析了人们制造人形机器人的原因，并指出其存在的问题。可知，D选项“为什么人形机器人达不到预期”最符合文章标题。故选D。
7.（2025届重庆市第八中学校高三下学期5月全真模拟）Psychologists long believed happiness and meaning were keys to a good life. Recent research, however, reveals a third dimension (维度): psychological richness. In his book Life in Three Dimensions, ShigehiroOishi argues that significant life fulfillment requires embracing curiosity-driven exploration and transformative experiences alongside happiness and meaning.
Oishi shares the story of a father and son. The father lived a stable life in a rural Japanese town, maintaining family traditions for his entire life. His son pursued a different path — leaving his home, studying abroad, and moving across continents. Although their lives highlight different priorities, both found elements of happiness and meaning. Even so, does that mean they both live a full life
Traditional psychology outlines two paths to achieve life fulfillment. The eudaimonic path values meaning through family, community, or professional dedications, while the hedonic path seeks happiness by enjoyable careers, rewarding experiences, or leisure pursuits. Yet both paths contain pitfalls. Overemphasizing happiness often breeds anxiety, as studies confirm lasting contentment stems from relationships, not achievements. Similarly, being attached to great causes risks burnout. Therefore, either happiness or meaning alone fails to account for the human need for a complete life.
Psychological richness emerges as the vital third dimension. It involves lives colored by novel experiences that reshape perspectives — studying abroad, mastering complex skills, or overcoming difficulties. People who are curious or social naturally enjoy this. Even those lacking these characters can cultivate it through small decisions, creative hobbies, or minor risks like exploring unfamiliar neighborhoods. Even hard times can enhance psychological richness when regarded as opportunities to grow.
As the son in the story, Oishi concludes that fulfillment lies not in choosing between happiness, meaning, or richness but combining them together. A farmer’s steady life and a traveler’s exciting journey both matter. Ultimately, the richest existence isn’t about perfection in any single dimension but the harmonious interplay of all three.
1．What factor best explains the father-son difference
A．Generation gap. B．Personal choices.
C．Educational status. D．Economic conditions.
2．What does the underlined word “pitfalls” probably mean in paragraph 3
A．Costs. B．Features. C．Advantages. D．Reasons.
3．What can be learned from the book
A．Personalities are difficult to change.
B．Psychological richness develops with age.
C．Traditional views should be abandoned.
D．Life satisfaction is shaped by multiple factors.
4．What is the recommended shelf category for the book
A．Cultural Studies & Emotional Health. B．Personal Growth & Life Philosophy.
C．Global Experiences & Art Appreciation. D．Human Connection & Career Development.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了生活满足感的三个维度及其重要性(生活满足感三维度及其意义探讨)。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The father lived a stable life in a rural Japanese town, maintaining family traditions for his entire life. His son pursued a different path — leaving his home, studying abroad, and moving across continents. Although their lives highlight different priorities, both found elements of happiness and meaning. (父亲在日本乡村过着稳定的生活，一生坚守家族传统；儿子则选择了不同的道路 —— 离开家乡、出国留学、跨洲迁居。尽管他们的生活体现了不同的人生优先级，但都找到了幸福和意义的元素。)”可知，父子俩的不同在于他们的人生选择不同。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Traditional psychology outlines two paths to achieve life fulfillment. The eudaimonic path values meaning through family, community, or professional dedications, while the hedonic path seeks happiness by enjoyable careers, rewarding experiences, or leisure pursuits. Yet both paths contain pitfalls. Overemphasizing happiness often breeds anxiety, as studies confirm lasting contentment stems from relationships, not achievements. Similarly, being attached to great causes risks burnout. Therefore, either happiness or meaning alone fails to account for the human need for a complete life. (传统心理学勾勒出两条实现人生满足感的路径。幸福论路径重视通过家庭、社区或职业奉献获得意义，而享乐论路径则通过令人愉悦的职业、有益的经历或休闲追求来寻求幸福。然而，这两条路径都存在pitfalls。过度强调幸福往往会滋生焦虑，因为研究证实，持久的满足感源于人际关系，而非成就。同样，执着于伟大的事业可能会导致倦怠。因此，仅有幸福或意义都无法满足人类对完整人生的需求。)”可知，传统心理学概述了实现人生满足感的两条途径，但这两条途径都存在缺点，故pitfalls意思是“隐患，弊端，缺点，陷阱”，与Costs“代价，损失”意思相近。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As the son in the story, Oishi concludes that fulfillment lies not in choosing between happiness, meaning, or richness but combining them together. (就像故事中的儿子一样，大石认为，满足感不在于在幸福、意义或丰富之间做出选择，而在于将它们结合起来。)”可推知，生活满足感由多种因素塑造。故选D。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In his book Life in Three Dimensions, ShigehiroOishi argues that significant life fulfillment requires embracing curiosity-driven exploration and transformative experiences alongside happiness and meaning. (在他的《生活的三个维度》一书中，大石茂弘认为，要实现人生的重大满足，就需要在追求幸福和意义的同时，拥抱好奇心驱动的探索和变革性的体验。)”以及最后一段中“Ultimately, the richest existence isn’t about perfection in any single dimension but the harmonious interplay of all three. (最终，最丰富的存在并不是在任何一个维度上的完美，而是所有三个维度的和谐相互作用。)”可知，文章主要讨论了实现人生满足感的三个维度，可推知，这本书应该放在“个人成长与人生哲学”的书架上。故选B。
8.（2025山西省高三下学期5月押题）In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly 144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become a rarity. The digital revolution, while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading.
Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page; it’s an experience that involves critical thinking, empathy (共情) , and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.
In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate.
In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that disturb our attention spans. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading.
Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists have found that regular Internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading.
The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition (认知) ; it has broader societal consequences. In education, students accustomed to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep understanding and problem-solving skills.
Given the challenges, how can we preserve and promote deep reading in the digital age
1．Why is deep reading important
A．It promotes the use of social media. B．It boosts readers` innovative ability.
C．It allows for faster decision-making. D．It enables quick scanning of information.
2．How do the Internet and digital media affect deep reading
A．They improve reading efficiency.
B．They increase access to diverse resources.
C．They contributes to divided attention habits.
D．They provide new ideas for better understanding.
3．What message does the author mainly convey in para 5
A．The human brain has a strong adaptability.
B．The internet has a positive impact on our brains.
C．The way we process information changes with our habits.
D．The internet disfavors deep reading despite its advantages.
4．What is expected to be talked about next
A．Strategies to promote deep reading. B．The future application of digital media.
C．The benefits of digital reading materials. D．Historical examples of deep reading practices.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。数字时代人们深度阅读能力下降，深度阅读对培养批判性思维和创新力重要，需应对数字媒体带来的挑战。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.(从历史上看，深度阅读在教育和个人发展中至关重要，它培养一个人具备批判性思维和创新能力。)”可知，深度阅读能提升读者的创新能力。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media affects our ability to concentrate.(微软公司的一项研究表明，人类的注意力持续时间从2000年的12秒下降到如今的约8秒，突显了数字媒体对我们集中注意力能力的影响。)”可知，数字媒体导致人们注意力分散，形成分心的习惯。故选C项。
3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits. Neuroscientists have found that regular Internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making and surface processing over deep thinking. Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet encourages rapid, distracted sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading.(我们的大脑具有极强的适应性，我们处理信息的方式会随着我们的习惯而改变。神经科学家发现，经常使用互联网可以重新连接神经通路，有利于快速决策和表面处理，而不是深度思考。Nicholas Carr认为，互联网鼓励从许多来源快速、分散注意力地提取少量信息，这是一种与深度阅读相反的思维方式。)”可知，作者强调互联网虽有适应性优势，但本质上不利于深度阅读。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the challenges, how can we preserve and promote deep reading in the digital age (鉴于这些挑战，我们如何在数字时代保留和促进深度阅读？)”可知，作者在提出问题后，下文逻辑应为探讨解决策略。故选A项。
9.（2025届黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学校高三下学期第四次模拟）Last semester, I was extremely excited about a big science project in my school. I had spent weeks researching, planning, and conducting experiments, believing that my hard work would surely lead to a great result. However, when the results were announced, I was devastated. My project didn’t even make it to the shortlist.
At first, I was filled with self-doubt and disappointment. I questioned all my efforts and wondered if it was all in vain. But as I took some time to reflect, I began to see the failure in a different light.
Failure, I realized, is not the end but a valuable teacher. It forced me to analyze my project thoroughly. I found that there were flaws in my experimental design and some key aspects that I had overlooked. This self-awareness was crucial. It taught me to be more careful and thorough in my future endeavors.
History is filled with examples of great people who failed before achieving success. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before inventing the light bulb. Each failure was a step forward for him, helping him to get rid of what didn’t work and focus on what did. His story shows that failure is a stepping-stone to success.
Failure also builds resilience. When we face failure and overcome the initial shock and disappointment, we become stronger mentally. We learn to bounce back from setbacks, which is an essential skill in life
In the end, that failed science project was not a disaster but a blessing in disguise. It taught me more than I could have learned from a successful outcome. It made me a better learner and a more determined person.
1．How did the author feel when his science project failed
A．Proud. B．Angry. C．Disappointed. D．Indifferent.
2．What did the author find after reflecting on the failure
A．His hard work was totally wasted. B．He had made some mistakes in his project.
C．The judges were unfair to him. D．His project was actually very good.
3．What can we infer from Thomas Edison’s story
A．Success comes easily without failure. B．Failure is always a negative thing.
C．We should be afraid of failure. D．Failure can lead to success.
4．What is the main idea of the passage
A．The process of a science project. B．The importance of success in life.
C．The value and lessons we can learn from failure. D．How to avoid failure in projects.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕作者在学校的一个大型科学项目失败的经历展开，描述了失败后的自我怀疑和失望情绪，阐述了失败的价值和意义。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“However, when the results were announced, I was devastated. My project didn’t even make it to the shortlist.(然而，当结果公布时，我感到万分沮丧。我的项目甚至都没能进入入围名单。)”以及第二段中“At first, I was filled with self-doubt and disappointment.(起初，起初，我充满了自我怀疑和失望。)”可知，作者在科学项目失败后感到非常失望。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Failure, I realized, is not the end but a valuable teacher. It forced me to analyze my project thoroughly. I found that there were flaws in my experimental design and some key aspects that I had overlooked.(我意识到，失败并非终点，而是一位宝贵的老师。它促使我对自己的项目进行了全面分析。我发现自己的实验设计存在缺陷，还有一些关键方面被我忽略了。)”可知，作者反思后发现自己的项目存在问题，在实验设计上有缺陷，还忽略了一些关键方面，也就是在项目中犯了一些错误。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“History is filled with examples of great people who failed before achieving success. Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before inventing the light bulb. Each failure was a step forward for him, helping him to get rid of what didn’t work and focus on what did. His story shows that failure is a stepping-stone to success.(历史上有许多伟大人物在取得成功之前都经历过失败。托马斯 爱迪生在发明电灯泡之前失败了数千次。对他来说，每一次失败都是向前迈进的一步，帮助他摒弃行不通的方法，专注于可行的方案。他的故事表明，失败是通向成功的垫脚石。)”可知，爱迪生失败了数千次才发明了电灯泡，每一次失败都是他前进的一步，说明失败可以引领我们走向成功。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章讲述了作者在科学项目失败后，对失败的反思，认识到失败是一位宝贵的老师，从爱迪生的例子也说明了失败是成功的垫脚石，还提到失败能培养韧性，即文章主要阐述了我们能从失败中获得的价值和教训。故选C。
10.（2025届重庆市高三下学期第三次联合诊断检测）In 1933, philosopher Bertrand Russell observed that “the fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are confident while the intelligent are full of doubt.” This insight remains relevant today, but the issue runs deeper: while most people recognize overconfidence in others, they rarely see it in themselves. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect, reveals that those with the least knowledge often overestimate their abilities, while the truly knowledgeable remain humble and open-minded.
The internet exacerbates this problem. With endless access to information, people often mistake superficial understanding for professional knowledge, leading to overconfidence. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant addresses this in his book Think Again, urging readers to challenge and update their beliefs. Grant argues that we often adopt the mindsets of churchmen, lawyers, or politicians — defending our beliefs, attacking others’, or seeking approval — rather than seeking truth.
To overcome this, Grant suggests separating our sense of self from fixed beliefs. Instead of sticking to beliefs, we should be open to revision. This scientific mindset encourages us to test ideas and update our understanding. Grant cites a study where entrepreneurs (企业家) trained in scientific thinking did better than their peers and achieved greater success, which highlights the value of open-mindedness and adaptability.
In the final part of the book, Grant shows us how rethinking skills enhance political debates, teaching, and workplace innovation. Grant provides a host of illustrative examples, but my favorite is the example of a history teacher who gets her students to think like scientists by rewriting textbook chapters that failed to cover important historical events in sufficient depth. This is a far better approach than simply delivering a lecture and forcing students to review the information on a test.
But of course, this book is not the final word on the topic, and Grant wouldn’t want it to be. As we gain better evidence and more experience, it’s our responsibility to continually renew our beliefs. As Russell said, “If you’re certain of anything, you’re certainly wrong, because nothing deserves absolute certainty.”
1．What problem do most people have
A．Decline in self-confidence. B．Concern about others’ doubts.
C．Indifference to social problems. D．Unawareness of personal limitations.
2．What does the underlined word “exacerbates” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Creates. B．Fixes. C．Worsens. D．Prevents.
3．Which person could be an example in the final part of the book
A．A chef open to feedback. B．A scientist resistant to doubts.
C．A doctor reliant on experience. D．A consumer blinded by brands.
4．Which of the following can be used to describe the book
A．Practical and conclusive. B．Insightful but not definitive.
C．Informative and theoretical. D．Authoritative but not engaging.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过哲学家罗素的观点引出达克效应(Dunning-Kruger Effect)，探讨了人们普遍存在的认知偏差问题，并结合亚当·格兰特《重新思考》一书中的理论，提出培养科学思维和开放心态的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This insight remains relevant today, but the issue runs deeper: while most people recognize overconfidence in others, they rarely see it in themselves. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect, reveals that those with the least knowledge often overestimate their abilities, while the truly knowledgeable remain humble and open-minded.(这一观点在今天仍然适用，但问题更为深刻：虽然大多数人都能看到别人的过度自信，但他们很少看到自己的过度自信。这种现象被称为达克效应，它揭示了那些知识最少的人往往高估了自己的能力，而真正知识渊博的人则保持谦虚和开放)”可知，多数人问题在于无法意识到自身认知的局限性。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在部分“The internet exacerbates this problem. With endless access to information, people often mistake superficial understanding for professional knowledge, leading to overconfidence.(互联网……这个问题。在无限获取信息的条件下，人们常将浅薄的理解误认为专业知识，导致过度自信)”可知，互联网让人们可以无限获取信息，但人们常将从互联网获得的浅薄理解误认为是专业知识，导致过度自信，所以互联网让问题变得更严重，加剧了人们的认知偏差问题。所以“exacerbates”的意思是“加剧”，与“worsens”同义。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“In the final part of the book, Grant shows us how rethinking skills enhance political debates, teaching, and workplace innovation. Grant provides a host of illustrative examples, but my favorite is the example of a history teacher who gets her students to think like scientists by rewriting textbook chapters that failed to cover important historical events in sufficient depth. This is a far better approach than simply delivering a lecture and forcing students to review the information on a test.(在书的最后一部分，格兰特向我们展示了反思技能是如何增强政治辩论、教学和工作场所创新的。格兰特提供了许多说明性的例子，但我最喜欢的是一位历史老师的例子，她通过重写教科书中没有充分深入介绍重要历史事件的章节，让她的学生像科学家一样思考。这比简单的讲课和强迫学生复习考试内容要好得多)”可知，书中推崇的案例需体现开放思维与反思能力，只有A项“接受反馈的厨师”能以开放的心态对待顾客的反馈，并根据反馈来反思，符合这一特质。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据末段中“But of course, this book is not the final word on the topic, and Grant wouldn’t want it to be.(当然，这本书并非该话题的终极结论，格兰特也不希望如此)”可知，该书具有启发性但非定论，与B项“Insightful but not definitive(富有洞见但非绝对)”相符。故选B项。
11.（2025届江西省南昌市高三下学期二模）What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.
1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory
A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts.
B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3
A．Better judgement on fears. B．Richer experience from failures.
C．The removal of daily inconveniences. D．The harvest of a positive mindset.
3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on
A．Would-be projects. B．Real-world applications.
C．Potential weaknesses. D．Practical advantages.
4．What is probably the best title of the text
A．Less Is More B．Make a Lemon Lemonade
C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy D．Better Late Than Never
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是“烧焦的面包理论”，即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将其视为有意义的转折点，同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(而且在许多方面，烧焦面包理论可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因)”可知，烧焦面包理论暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小不便都出于更大的原因，结合第二段中的“Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.(也许这足够让你比平时晚一点出门，从而避免了一场车祸。或者这意味着你赶上了稍晚的火车，避开了一个你宁愿避开的人)”可知，错过航班后遇到未来雇主是符合该理论的案例。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. (换句话说，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式。当我们选择以更积极的态度看待世界时，我们可以帮助减轻焦虑感，并释放对周围世界失控的恐惧)”可知，烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式，用更积极的态度看世界。由此可知，应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.(虽然保持积极的心态可以走得很远，但烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点。要注意，只允许自己专注于积极的想法可能意味着你正在剥夺自己正确面对挑战或困难情绪的机会，而是专注于创造一个虚假的积极形象)”可知，烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点，进而分析了其危害，由此可知，最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在弱点。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。结合全文内容，尤其是首段“What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.(如果每件事的发生都有其原因呢？这是一个我们都不止一次听过的理论。在许多方面，“烧焦面包理论”可以被视为这一经典思想的现代诠释，暗示我们在日常生活中遇到的每一个小麻烦都可能是出于某种更大的原因)”可知，全文围绕“烧焦的面包理论”展开，强调通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将挑战转化为机遇，同时指出其潜在的局限性。选项B“化挫折为机遇”与这一主题意义相符，最适合作为标题。故选B项。
12.（2025届河北省部分校高三下学期3月模拟预测）Consider the hierarchy (层次) of needs proposed in 1943 by the psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow believed that people tend to focus on meeting their needs in a particular order of urgency. We start with survival needs such as food, shelter, and safety. Once these have been met, we turn our attention to social and emotional needs, such as love and belonging. Finally, we focus on higher-order needs such as self-actualization — in other words, looking for life’s meaning.
Of these three levels, money is only truly helpful for the first. This is why economists often find that well-being doesn’t improve much once a person reaches the relatively humble financial means that meet those needs. The “middle needs” of love and belonging — family, friends, romance — can’t be met with money, and pursuing money with too much gusto can even result in unexpected consequences.
Focusing too much on money is actively opposed to Maslow’s highest-level needs, because doing so can lead people into a trap that researchers call “financial contingency of self-worth,” which happens when a person’s self-esteem is conditional on his or her financial success.
This might explain why stress levels are high both when money is tight and when people reach higher income levels. A 2018 survey conducted by LinkedIn found that stress at work falls when people earn more than $50,000, but then starts to rise significantly when people earn above $200,000. One reason for the stress among high earners is their neglect (忽略) of relationships, according to some researchers.
Perhaps your parents always put a lot of pressure on you to succeed financially, or you tend to be insecure about your self-worth and rely a lot on social comparison. One way or another, you might be measuring yourself in money, and without realizing it, hoping that at some point you will be “expensive” enough to earn others’ love and respect. Your instincts (直觉) might be telling you to earn more, more, more in order to find peace and satisfaction. Your instincts are lying, and you could get much happier by reassessing your priorities.
1．What is the primary role of money according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A．It ensures a sense of safety. B．It satisfies all levels of needs.
C．It is crucial for self-actualization. D．It is most effective for basic survival needs.
2．What does “gusto” mean in paragraph 2
A．Resistance. B．Enthusiasm. C．Indifference. D．Hesitation.
3．Why might pursuing money excessively lead to stress even at higher income levels
A．It leads to a constant need for financial growth.
B．It complicates financial choices for the wealthy.
C．It may overshadow social and emotional bonds.
D．It increases the pressure to maintain high income.
4．What is the author’s view on using money as a measure of self-worth
A．It’s a natural response. B．It’s a reasonable pursuit.
C．It’s a notable misconception. D．It’s a temporary phase in personal growth.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了心理学家马斯洛的需求层次理论，以及金钱在满足人类需求中的作用。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We start with survival needs such as food, shelter, and safety. Once these have been met, we turn our attention to social and emotional needs, such as love and belonging. Finally, we focus on higher-order needs such as self-actualization — in other words, looking for life’s meaning.(我们从生存需求开始，比如食物、住所和安全。一旦满足了这些需求，我们就会把注意力转向社会和情感需求，比如爱和归属感。最后，我们关注更高层次的需求，比如自我实现——换句话说，寻找生活的意义。)”以及第二段“Of these three levels, money is only truly helpful for the first. This is why economists often find that well-being doesn’t improve much once a person reaches the relatively humble financial means that meet those needs.(在这三个层面中，金钱只对第一个层面有真正的帮助。这就是为什么经济学家经常发现，一旦一个人达到了满足这些需求的相对微薄的经济手段，他的幸福感就不会有太大改善)”可知，这表明金钱对基本需求的满足最为有效，而对其他层次的需求帮助有限。故选D项。
2．词句猜测题。根据划线词下段“Focusing too much on money is actively opposed to Maslow’s highest-level needs, because doing so can lead people into a trap that researchers call “financial contingency of self-worth,” which happens when a person’s self-esteem is conditional on his or her financial success.(过于关注金钱与马斯洛的最高层次需求是背道而驰的，因为这样做会让人们陷入一个陷阱，研究人员称之为‘自我价值的经济偶然性’，当一个人的自尊取决于他或她的经济成功时，就会发生这种情况)”可知，上文应是提到过于关注金钱，从而引出本段内容，推知gusto是“热情”之意，和B项意思相近。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This might explain why stress levels are high both when money is tight and when people reach higher income levels. A 2018 survey conducted by LinkedIn found that stress at work falls when people earn more than $50,000,but then starts to rise significantly when people earn above $200,000. One reason for the stress among high earners is their neglect (忽略) of relationships, according to some researchers.(这也许可以解释为什么当钱紧张时和人们达到较高收入水平时，压力水平都很高。领英在2018年进行的一项调查发现，当人们的收入超过5万美元时，工作压力会下降，但当人们的收入超过20万美元时，工作压力就会开始显著上升。一些研究人员称，高收入者压力大的一个原因是他们忽视了人际关系)”可知，过度追求金钱可能会导致人们忽视人际关系，从而影响他们的社会和情感需求。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“One way or another, you might be measuring yourself in money, and without realizing it, hoping that at some point you will be “expensive” enough to earn others’ love and respect. Your instincts (直觉) might be telling you to earn more, more, more in order to find peace and satisfaction. Your instincts are lying, and you could get much happier by reassessing your priorities.(不管怎样，你可能会用金钱来衡量自己，而没有意识到这一点，希望在某个时候你会‘昂贵’到足以赢得别人的爱和尊重。你的本能可能会告诉你，为了找到平静和满足，你应该赚得更多、更多、更多。你的直觉在说谎，你可以通过重新评估你的优先级而变得更快乐)”可知，将金钱作为衡量自我价值的标准是一种错误观念。作者认为这种观念是一种错误认识。故选C项。
13.（2025届湖北省名校（圆创）高三下学期三月联合测评）Since the dawn of human history, innovation has been a balancing act of wonder and fear. From the discovery of fire to the first flights of airplanes, each technological breakthrough has promised to enhance human abilities while simultaneously (同时) causing risks. Fire could warm us or destroy us; airplanes could connect us or be turned into tools of war. Yet through all these advancements, one constant has remained: human cognition (认知) , the unique spark of thought and creativity that has shaped our progress.
But today, something is different. For the first time in history, human cognition itself is at risk of being out-of-date. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), we are no longer just building tools to enhance our abilities; we are building systems that may be superior to our very capacity to think, create, and innovate. This shift doesn’t just completely change industries, but it also challenges the core of what makes us human.
In past innovations, technologies functioned as extensions of human abilities. The airplanes enlarged

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